Searching For My Hakka Roots

Sunday, February 10, 2013

Grammar School

When I was seven years old, my grandmother took me to the nearby grammar school (塘坎上小学) and she told my teacher I couldn’t clean the classroom, even though it was the students’ duty to clean our own classroom at the end of each week. My teacher told my grandma that I would have to learn. She told my teacher that I could learn everything else, but cleaning. My teacher did not argue with her since my grandmother was an old-fashioned elderly woman. Of course, I did clean just like everyone else, only I did not tell her. We only had Chinese and math lessons to start, so I had two teachers, one for math and the other for Chinese. I was very excited because it was the first time in my life that I had books even though only two to start. We didn’t have storybooks in kindergarten; our only lessons were oral stories from our teachers. My grades were excellent; especially math in which I often received a perfect score of 100. I used to challenge my older cousin on math problems. A few years later when I went back to visit my teacher Mrs. Liu, she still remembered that my grades were excellent.
     The Cultural Revolution (1966-1976): I had just started school. It was a violent mass movement of civilians, mostly high school students and young people, spreading to the military, urban workers and the party leadership itself. The campaign was to destroy the Four-Old (四旧) but ended up destroying anything and everything old. Red Guards (红卫兵), who never completed their high school education, went around destroying anything they thought it was old or simply disliked -- famous temples, shrines (including our Guan in Neijiang), and other heritage sites. Institutions and higher education were closed until the fall of 1970. Hundreds of thousands of intellectuals and professionals were killed, beaten, or sent to hard labor camps. Top party officials, Liu Shaoqi and Peng Dehuai (彭德怀) were attacked and died in a very inhumane way. My father blamed the Dragon Chair he had sat in Xi'an before 1949 for Peng's bad luck and his own bad luck. The situation eventually turned into fighting between gangs. Chairman Mao had ordered them to end the movement since he was the one who started it with his first post; he must have regretted “letting the genie out of the bottle,” out of his control. In 1967, they were ready to overthrow the provincial Chinese Communist Party committees. The power seizure took place in Shanghai; the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) had to forcibly suppress the Red Guard. It was such a mad time; millions died. I heard Chengdu was in the war zone, with different high school groups fighting against each other. The hospital in Chengdu was full; some of the wounded had to come to our little salt city. Most people left Chengdu; my father was one of the few who stayed. He said he ended up working in the dining hall because most of the cooks were gone. The fighting did not scare him since he was in the army before.
     Posters were up everywhere with ugly cartoons of the opposition. Older kids in the school joined the city parade. I often went out to the street to watch. It was crowded everywhere. I could not imagine there were that many people in the city. I went downtown with my aunt and cousins to buy Chairman Mao’s little red book. It was more of a pretty thing to me than what it was meant to be, because of its red velvet cover and shiny gold words. I do not think I ever read the little red book.
     To calm the youth, Chairman Mao sent them to the farm and remote places so they could not gather up again. I saw the Red Guard, high school kids going to the farms in big trucks; they were crying, saying goodbye to their parents and friends. It was cool for me to watch since they were dancing, singing, and drumming. I could not imagine what kind of life they faced afterward. I guess their parents knew better, and that was why they were crying.

Stealing Uncle’s Money

Since it was difficult for my grandmother to walk, I often went to the market to buy a pack of cigarettes or little things for her. I always gave her the exact change. My grandmother used to buy something for me every time she took me, things like candy were so attractive and irresistible in the marketplace. I did not want to use any of my grandmother’s money. One day I took a 10-yuan bill from my uncle’s moneybox and then I went to the marketplace.
     First, I went to a candy store but the owner refused to sell me any candy and she asked me where I got that much money. I took the 10-yuan before for my grandmother’s cigarettes, no one had ever given me any trouble. I did not know a 10-yuan bill could be my aunt’s one-third of a month’s salary; it was a lot of money for a six-year-old kid to carry around. She told me to go home. Well the desire to get that candy was too great so I went to another store where I finally got the candy. I put the rest of the Yuan in my pocket and went home.
     The next day, I was in big trouble. I had to kneel on the floor while my grandmother used a bamboo stick to beat my bottom. I was very scared because I had never seen any one get this kind of punishment, not even my trouble-making cousins, I did not understand why my grandmother was so upset and she was ready to kill me. I was hurting and screaming. I was scared because I felt for the first time that I was alone without anyone on my side not even my dear grandmother. I did not realize that what I had done was stealing.
     She made me apologize to my uncle, “Sorry, I will never do that again.” That was the first time and also the last time that my grandma ever spanked me. I learned my lesson. I was so embarrassed few years later when my mom asked me about the matter because my grandma had promised not to tell my parents. It must have been my aunt or uncle since my grandmother would never break her promise to me.

My Grandfather Died

My grandfather died in the afternoon on October 17, 1968. I noticed something different about my grandfather. I couldn’t tell what was different. I was standing across the room staring at him and I just couldn’t move. My mom noticed me standing there for a long time. She came back to my uncle and my grandmother’s apartment only a few days before since my youngest sister was to be born anytime. My mom decided to check on my grandfather who was sitting on his chair reading his newspaper. She called to him but he didn’t answer.
     My grandma came and started to cry and said, “Oh, I should have noticed when I helped him out of his bed this morning and he kept sliding back into the bed. I thought I was tired and needed help.” “Poor thing, he left so quietly.” Then she turned to me, “Ying, go tell your Grandpa Hou (贺) that your grandfather is “old.” I never understood why we all called him “Grandpa Hou” (贺), yet his wife “Aunt.” Maybe because Hou (贺) was older, tall and strong, and always helped us. That was part of Chinese culture, when men received more respect, so he was called grandpa. I started to run and I could hardly catch my breath once I got there. Grandpa Hou (贺) dropped whatever he was doing; he ran ahead of me to my uncle’s. The same night, my sister was born. I was sleeping in my neighbor’s apartment for a few nights because all my uncles and aunts came for my grandfather’s cremation.
     It was early morning. A big truck from my uncle’s company came. First, they put my grandfather’s body in the center of the truck so all of us could stand by the side and hold onto the bar. Since my grandfather had been bedridden for more than 40 years, he was supposed to be lying down but his body looked like it was neither lying down nor sitting on the way to the cremation site. The road was so bumpy and the cold wind was howling onto my face and my hands. I had trouble standing and I kept trying so hard to hold onto the bar so that I wouldn’t fall onto my grandfather. I was so cold and scared since it was the first time for me to go to cremation site. When we got there, I didn’t notice anything scary at all. It was like a park with lots of flowers. The only difference was this huge tall towering chimney. I never saw a chimney that high. Then I understood whenever my friends’ mom shouted to their kids a warning whenever they did something dangerous. “Do you want to climb that high chimney?” which meant, “do you want to die?”
     That night I was so scared that I could not sleep even though I was sleeping in my next door neighbors’ house. I wouldn’t dare touch anything my grandfather used. But my younger cousins did not understand death yet. They were still calling for my grandfather even though he was gone.
     My newborn sister was a little distraction for me. I insisted on holding her and I did drop her once, it was a good thing that I was sitting on the floor. After a few weeks, my mom took her back to her city where she worked. I was not upset at all because I seemed to know that they came only for a short stay. I knew they were my parents, brother, and sister. I had my grandmother and that’s all that mattered.
     Like other kids, I liked to play hide and seek, play in the sand, jump rope, and run up and down hills. We did not have a playground but the whole hill was our creative play yard. I played with my cousins and we had a great time. Whenever it rained, right after, we went up the hill to collect freshly soaked rock tripe (foliose lichens) for dinner. You couldn’t see them when it was dry. There was also a small ditch, which was paved to let water come down the hill. We used that as our big slide and slid down when it was dry. However, our pants soon had holes in them and became very dirty. Sometimes we raced up and down the hills for fun. We did sometimes fall and get scratched and scraped. Another fun thing for us was looking for grasshoppers and trying to catch them with our hands. Every now and then, we found some empty exoskeletons left behind by locusts that outgrew them. For awhile, we had our own silkworm farm in a little paper box. We couldn’t believe how much they could eat. It seemed that was all they did. We had to go out to collect mulberry leaves for them. It was fun to watch them grow and ready to make a cocoon.
     I sometimes walked a mile to my youngest aunt’s house to see her daughter. While I was there, I also played with kids in her courtyard. I liked to be in charge. When we played “make-believe,” I liked to be the teacher and they were my students. I wore my leather boots every time that I went to play with them. I warned them not to try to fight with me because I could kick them with my boots and they would be very hurt. We did play very well. One day one of the kids had a very nice pencil box to show us. I did not have one nor did my other friends. I wished I could have one and so did my friends. So, I told them that my parents were in the capital. They would buy one for me and one for each of them. Of course, I forgot my promise but they didn’t. They reminded me when my parents returned later on. I told them that I did not even get one, so maybe next time or when we were going to school.

Guan family, the year my grandfather died in 1968. Back row: from left to right, me, my older cousin Guan Zhong Wei (who is teaching in University of Liverpool now), my youngest aunt (died), my oldest uncle. Second row: from left to right, my cousin Guan Suo Ping (Accountants and auditors), her mom held her younger brother Guan Yu Hong (works for SIMMON), my grandmother and my cousin Liao Zhu Juen(editor), my mom and my youngest sister(Chinese teacher in GA).

Living With My Oldest Uncle

When I was six, my grandmother had a difficult time taking care of my grandfather and me at the same time. We moved to my uncle’s (her eldest son’s) home in Zigong (自貢). Later, I learned that it is a tradition for parents to stay with their eldest son after they become old. A wise man said that they would rather stay with the broken, ragged oldest son rather than stay with their richest daughter, because daughters are known to care for someone else. My oldest uncle was not like any other uncle. My grandmother could not get along with her daughter-in-law, though my aunt was doing a great job at home taking care of her three kids plus now my grandparents and me, and she had a full-time job outside.
My Aunt Zhou (邹) had an older sister who was the second wife of Hou (贺). He had a son with his first wife, now a daughter with her. My aunt kept giving away my grandma’s stuff to her family without asking my grandma, so my grandma went a crazy few times. She said, “No, she told me she sold it to her sister for one yuan, my full-size black lacquer bed with a canopy worth only one yuan? She has no right!” Now I am thinking, my uncle really did not have room for my grandparents’ stuff when we moved in. The old things were not in fashion then. My aunt tried to get rid of them and her sister was in need.
My uncle had three kids, one older and two younger than me. For the first time in my life I felt competition between my cousins and me. It was my grandma and I on one side, and they were on the other side. My grandmother always protected me and gave me special treats. She gave me half of her daily milk to drink, even though I hated drinking milk (still do); I had to put sugar in it. But my cousins seemed to like everything. I couldn’t let my cousins know I got to drink it. If my grandmother coughed that was a signal that they were coming and I was to hide behind the bed; the bed was huge with a canopy and there was a long wooden step in front of the bed.

My grandma's bed was black and gold, all other features too, not red and gold colours.

My aunt was such a good cook; we fought over her food every day. Some hot dishes were so hot that they made me cry and run to the sink for cold water to cool my mouth. My cousins were doing the same thing, so we were fighting over the sink for water. Then we went back for more.
Soon, I went to kindergarten. I walked to school every morning and back home around noon. I loved to pick up the fanlike leaves under the big ginkgo tree, fresh new buds from a fig tree, and flowers along the way. I just loved to bring back something every day to show my grandmother. My grandmother seemed to be waiting at home everyday for me to bring her something. We were in such a union in my uncle’s house as if no one else mattered. Sometimes I watched police train their dogs in a lake by the police station. I wished that I could have a dog myself. It was a turning point when I felt that I was grown up.


Me, on the left, holding my little sister with my cousins in Zigong (自貢), 1968

Living With My Grandparents

I was with my mom until I was one year old. My mom had to work and travel. My grandmother came to Chengdu to get me, and then I stayed with her in a little salt city Gongjing (贡井) where my grandparents lived. Gongjing means the “salt well offer to the Emperor.” It was best known for its best quality salt.
They had an old Chinese courtyard house where there was a huge entry door with two very high wooden doors closed at night. There was also a high wooden panel across the doorstep to prevent leaves or dust from blowing in. I had to climb over the wooden panel since my legs were too short. We had two neighboring families, the Li (李) family and the Yang (杨) family. A few steps down from the gate, on the left side, there was a peach tree that my youngest uncle planted when he was young. The peach blossoms were so high that I could not reach them. There was a little creek running down the hill on the left, to right in front of our house, to a pond not far from our house. There was a Buddhist temple on the hillside, I used to be afraid of the huge Buddhist statue and it was very dark inside. Next to the temple, there was a tailor shop where my grandma used to take me to get my dress done. The tailor was a skinny old man with old glasses almost falling down from his face, he looked at me not through the glasses, but over his glasses. He was always telling me how pretty I looked in all the dresses he made for me. The road to downtown was on the right. On the other side of the road were fields and fields of crops. I had a great time with my grandparents for about six years by myself.
My grandfather Guan (官) was bedridden with lots of pillows behind him, with an over three-foot long pipe smoking. He had many kinds of pipes, long and short. I used to play with his copper hookah water smoking pipe because when he smoked, it made blub-blub sounds. This article is the best description of my memory.

Copper hookah water smoking pipe

He was paralyzed since he was thirty-years old because of arthritis. I was afraid of my grandpa Guan and his black wooden coffin on the porch because they were both on the dark side of the house. I avoided them both as much as possible. My grandmother had tiny feet that were wrapped to stop growing when she was two years old. Part of her toes and foot bones were practically bent and broken. So the heel grew large to try to take the support. It looked like today’s pointed high-heeled woman’s fashion shoes. Ballet also reminded me about the bounded feet, worst of it they had to stand on their toes dancing. I hope the designer did not get the idea here. The corns and calluses were so thick which made it painful when she walked. She walked slowly.

中国现在还有缠小脚的女人和她们的故事

      Every morning, my grandmother took me to the farmer’s market. My grandfather always told me to hold my grandmother’s hand, to be good, and so on. My grandmother would always buy me a little snack or other treat. Sometimes, my grandmother took me to my relatives’ house on the way to shopping. I always admired that they had so many wonderful things in the house, so many kinds of candy and cookies in an octagonal black lacquer box decorated with a gold phoenix. It was a very nice treat for me each time my grandmother and I visited since I didn’t have any toys and I could not have candy or cookies every day. They always told me to have as many as I wanted. I always took a long look at the different kinds of candy in each partition, then picked one. I really wanted more, but my grandmother told me to only pick one. My grandmother said this showed that we had pride.
     Once, I got lost although I do not remember how. I remembered being carried on the back of a police officer. On the way home, we saw a big crowd of people. The policeman stopped to see what was going on. The people were trying to kill a cow. That was the most horrifying moment in my life. I do not remember how we got home. I could not ever recall the image of a cow being killed. I just could not forget a cow was killed, maybe because I am a “cow” in the Chinese zodiac calendar. Later when I was older, I understood that the police officer had to carry me all over the town to see who knew me since there was no other way. Fortunately, it was a small town. Everyone knew our family.
      I was sick almost all the time; my youngest aunt who was still single or even my neighbor would carry me on their shoulders, back and forth to the local clinic. I don’t remember how many penicillin injections I had. Every time since I never cried, my doctor always gave me the little empty medicine bottle to take home as a prize and called me “little hero” since my name happens to be a female warrior in a classical movie.
     I spent a lot of time resting in bed. My grandparent’s bed was a traditional black lacquer-finished canopy bed. There was a white mosquito net around it. If I closed the front side, it instantly became my clubhouse. The other three sides were black and gold colored, carved wooden panels. The traditional Chinese pillow was a like a long log almost as long as me. On each end of the pillow were silk patches of embroidered flowers and a pair of mandarin ducks. I used to pretend the pillow was my patient and I was the doctor giving the shots. When I lie in bed in the dark and could not go to sleep, my favorite thing to do was to stare in the dark until a small multicolored ball of light showed above me at the far end of the bed. I watched it approach. It was the best thing you could ever see, and each time I tried to catch it, it popped and was gone. So I learned to be patient and just watched the ball showing up, come toward me and then disappear over and over again.

My grandparents' lacquer-finished canopy beds were black and gold color

The neighborhood kids always admired how many bottles I had. I could play on the hills. I could put water, sand, or flowers in the bottles and make-believe. Flowers do not like me. They made my nose turn red and itch but I never knew why. My grandmother told me not to pick them, but I never listened. I loved to pick flowers by the shore of the nearby pond. One day I fell into the water and almost drowned. Our neighbor saved me.

It was the same pond in which my grandmother almost ended her life a number of years ago. My grandmother could not accept the fact that all her five kids had grown up and gone to college or to work far away. My oldest uncle and his family were living in Zigong (自貢). Even her youngest son was about to leave for Russia to continue his studies. When her last baby boy died at three months old from pneumonia, she let her four-year-old son, my youngest uncle drank her milk instead, and she nursed him until he went to school. He got perfect scores when he took the National College Entry exam. Now this boy was about to leave her as well, leaving her behind with her husband who could not get out of bed. She did not think life was worth living anymore.

My youngest uncle came back from Russia with a lot of little pretty things for me; I used to play with them, quite a few necklaces. He wanted me to dress up and put those necklaces on so he could take pictures of me, but I refused to put them on my neck and refused to take pictures. My uncle used to trick me, so I would let him put necklaces on my neck, but it did not take long for me to realize that he wanted to take my picture. So I would pull very hard and break the necklaces; the beads scattered all over the floor. My grandma used to say that I must have had too much jewelry and fame in my previous life, so I do not like them in this life because jewelry and fame did not bring me happiness.

I do not remember my brother that much. My grandma said my mom took him to see us a few times. Once, he bit my thumb so hard that it was swollen. She said my parents brought him so many toy guns and toy tanks. He dismantled them soon after he got them. My grandmother would say that he must have been tired of fighting from his previous life.

My brother Jie and I when my brother came to visit Zigong.

I do not remember many interactions with other kids except one day when I was about five years old. The teenage son of Yang (杨) family came home. I was outside of the courtyard near my uncle’s peach tree when he exposed himself in front of me. I did not really understand what he was doing. I ran away back home. He went away a few days after and I never saw him again. I did not know his parents used to be our family helper.

The Salt Merchant’s Granddaughter-Born in Famine

I started my story in the 1990s after my first son was born since I wanted to tell him about my life in China; I was born during a famine and raised by my grandparents, traveled around China in the early 1980s west to Tibet, north to Inner Mongolia, and in the northeast, southeast, and southwest parts of China after college. Then how I adjusted to my life here in America covering student/working life including over 20 years of getting to know common middle-class Americans and Chinese-Americans. But it never finished... until he went to college.. then it ended up much bigger than myself. So I started my blogs with Searching For My Hakka Roots, then The Salt Merchant's Granddaughter.

Four pounds and two ounces, I was born on September 10, 1961, in Chengdu’s People’s Construction Hospital next to the Oil Company, Sichuan Province in southwest China. Both of my parents were geologists working for the Oil Company, but they worked in two different cities. My youngest uncle was a college student. He sent my mom to the hospital and took care of her until my father arrived. It was common then for a husband and wife to work in different cities. Fortunately, they had a one-month vacation each year together which makes me lucky enough to come into the world.
Chengdu was the only city in China which never changed its name for thousands of years. It is the capital of “Heavenly State” Sichuan (天府之国), home of giant pandas in its subalpine mountains. The provincial name Sichuan means “Four rivers and gorges.” Sichuan was also referred as Ba-Shu (巴蜀), a combining the name of two independent kingdoms of Ba and Shu. Ba included Chongqing and the land in eastern part of Sichuan along the Yangtze and some tributary streams, while Shu included today's Chengdu, its surrounding plain and adjacent territories in western part of Sichuan. In 1920, Joseph Beech visited there and said Chengdu was “eden.” Marco Polo described how Chengdu was nurtured by the upper Yangzi (Yangtze) River.

Jiaozi ( 交子) is a form of banknote which appeared in Chengdu. Most regard it as the first paper money in history, a development of the Chinese Song Dynasty (960 - 1279 AD). To combat counterfeiting, Jiaozi were stamped with multiple Banknote seals.

In ancient times, the road to Sichuan was almost impossible. A famous Sichuanese Li Bei’s (李白701-762 in Tang Dynasty) poem said, “蜀道之難，難於上青天, 黃鶴之飛尚不得過, 猿猱欲度愁攀援,” which means “trying to get into Sichuan was like trying to get to Heaven, the bird could not fly over and the monkey had a hard time climbing.” Sichuan has always been considered as China’s last “hold out and backbone.” The surrounding mountains provide a natural defense. Defeated Han and Tang Dynasty emperors ran south to Sichuan for safety. When the Japanese invaded China in the 1930-40s, Sichuan was a hideout as well.

The road to Sichuan 蜀道

Chengdu is located in the western part of the Sichuan Basin, in the center of Chengdu Plain. It covers a total area of 4,749 square miles with a population of over 11 million people, with vegetation ranging from subtropical to alpine. The Dujiangyan Irrigation System (都江堰) on the Min River (岷江), the largest tributary of the upper Yangtze River, was constructed in 256 BC. It is the earliest artificial irrigation system in the world, and it serves as the lifeline of Chengdu. The water enabled Chengdu to become one of the largest granaries in the world. It allowed the State of Qin to become the strongest in China. In 223 BC, Qin troops sailed from Chengdu on the Min River to the Yangtze. They sailed downstream and defeated the State of Chu and united China as one, thus beginning the first imperialist dynasty with centralization. The Dujiangyan Irrigation still works today, over 2000 years later, and still serves as the lifeline of Chengdu, the land of abundance.

The Dujiangyan Irrigation System (都江堰) built in 256BC

          When I was born, China was in one of those hard times. There was not much food to eat. Hundreds died from starvation everyday. In Sichuan province, the government reported millions of deaths during 1958–1961. The government provided one pound of eggs for a pregnant woman. That’s all the protein my mom had while carrying me.
      After I was born, my grandmother had a hen in Gongjing (贡井) that was still laying eggs. She wanted to kill the hen and so she could bring it with her to Chengdu for my mom to eat. Chicken soup was a must for women after giving birth. But my mom stopped her because the hen could give eggs instead.
      I don’t remember the hardships of those times. My only memory of those days is the fact that I don’t like to eat potatoes. My mom told me that when I was born, because she didn’t have much milk for me, she only could give me mashed potatoes. Since my mom saved the potatoes for me, my father went without much food, and he became ill. He was weak and sick for weeks and had a puffy face. Since I didn’t like those potatoes, my father finally ate them and he became better. I was always proud to hear this when my mom told this part of the story because if I had liked potatoes my father might never have been cured. I was known as “picky, picky” since my parents tried so hard to let me eat whatever they could find, but I was good at spitting out everything except my mother’s milk. I was one of the lucky ones though since my mom’s girlfriend lost her baby girl and many children born at that time did not survive.
      In the market, there were all sorts of fake food for sale. My father heard that people actually ate clay or cow droppings but he could not imagine that. One day, he saw these nice brown pancakes, the sight of which made his mouth water. He bought one and ate it. It was tough. Later on, his friend told him that it was cow droppings and then he threw up.
      My mom went back to work right after and an old lady nearby her workplace took care of me. My mom told me how fast she ran when she took time off for breast-feeding since she didn’t know how to ride a bicycle. I used to cry so much for more of her milk, which she did not have.

My mother and me in Chengdu (1961).

Mao's Great Famine 1958-1962

1: Glamorous Sichuan part 1 Waters in Sichuan
2: Glamorous Sichuan part 2 Mysteries of the past
3: Glamorous Sichuan part 3 Colorful waters of Jiuzhai Valley
4: Glamorous Sichuan part 4 Ethnic harmony
5: Glamorous Sichuan Part 5 The Leshan Giant Buddha and Mount Emei
6: Glamorous Sichuan Part 6 Rise of the Phoenix
天府

千秋川菜

川魂
Food in Chengdu

百家讲坛《蜀地探秘》
古代四川大事记

Thursday, February 7, 2013

China, I Am Still Learning About You

The Traditional Musical Instruments

Northwest China's Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region:

The Pure Land of Kanas Part 1- In search of a pure land
The Pure Land of Kanas Part 2- The Lake Kanas monsters The Pure Land of Kanas Part 3- The people of the forest
The Pure Land of Kanas Part 4-The Ethnic Group on the Snow
The Pure Land of Kanas Part 5 of 6 The Pure Land of Kanas Part 6 of 6 Gloden Mountains and Silver Water

Silk Road
Marine Silk Road

Black Gobi desert Part 1- The Fortress of Dambijantsan
Black Gobi desert Part 2- Hero of Dunhuang
Black Gobi desert Part 3- The last Beile
Black Gobi desert Part 4- Yang Zengxin’s fortress

The Ancient Yellow River The Story of Wu
West Lake
Wuxi Businessmen
The Bund
South of the Sea Beihai

Harbin Part 1 Ice City Harbin Part 2 Tiger

Experiencing China
Under Foreign Sky You Bring Charm to China John Leighton Stuart
When the Louvre meets the Forbidden City: Part one Part two Part three Part four Part five Part six Part seven Part eight Part nine Part ten Part eleven Part twelve Part thirteen Part fourteen Fifteen Sixteen Seventeen Eighteen
Combating Smallpox from East to West, Back to East: Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5
Part 6 Part 7

Chinese in Africa One
Chinese in Africa Two